Hemorragia intracraniana espontânea em pediatria: relato de paciente hemofílico que sobreviveu devido a cisto cerebral / Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in children: report of a hemophilia patient who survived due to a brain cyst

RESUMO Relatamos o caso de um uma criança de 2 anos de idade que sobreviveu após um episódio agudo de hemorragia intracraniana espontânea grave com sinais clínicos e radiológicos de hipertensão intracraniana e herniação transtentorial. O paciente foi para cirurgia de urgência para drenagem do hematoma, sendo inserido um cateter para monitorar a pressão intracraniana. Na análise da tomografia de crânio inicial, antes da drenagem do hematoma, constatou-se um cisto cerebral contralateral ao hematoma que, segundo análise do neurocirurgião e do neuroradiologista, possivelmente evitou um desfecho pior, visto que o cisto serviu de acomodação para o cérebro após a hemorragia maciça. Após investigação, constatou-se tratar de um caso de hemofilia tipo A sem diagnóstico prévio. O paciente foi tratado em terapia intensiva com controle da pressão intracraniana, reposição de fator VIII e obteve alta sem sequelas neurológicas evidentes.

ABSTRACT We report the case of a 2-year-old child who survived an acute episode of severe spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage with clinical and radiological signs of intracranial hypertension and transtentorial herniation. The patient underwent emergency surgery to drain the hematoma, and a catheter was inserted to monitor intracranial pressure. In the initial computed tomography analysis performed prior to hematoma drainage, a brain cyst was evident contralateral to the hematoma, which, based on the analysis by the care team, possibly helped to avoid a worse outcome because the cyst accommodated the brain after the massive hemorrhage. After the investigation, the patient was determined to have previously undiagnosed hemophilia A. The patient underwent treatment in intensive care, which included the control of intracranial pressure, factor VIII replacement and discharge without signs of neurological impairment.

Measurement of intracranial hematoma using the improved cubature formula / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#The more accurate calculate method was investigated according to the improved formula of intracranial hematoma using segment deducing.@*METHODS@#The improved formula was deduced to calculate the intracranial hematoma using the volume formula of the solid geometry. The volume of intracranial hematoma was measured as a related accurate standards using software. The volumes of intracranial hematoma calculated by the improved formula, Tada's formula and the software were compared.@*RESULTS@#The measure accuracy of the improved formula was higher than that of Tada's formula, and showed a similarity with that by using software method.@*CONCLUSION@#The improved formula method shows a more accurate result than Tada's formula, and can be used in forensic practice.

Central nervous system hemorrhage in thrombocytopenic patients: computed tomographic findings in 21 cases

OBJETIVE: To describe the CT scan findings of 21 thrombocytopenic patients with central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage. METHOD: Retrospective study of the computed tomography (CT) of 21 platelet-depleted patients with CNS hemorrhage. One patient presented two episodes of hemorrhagic episode with different intervals. The clinical data were obtained by the review of the medical records. Two radiologists analyzed the films and reached the decisions by consensus. The following findings were studied: type of bleeding, number of lesions, topography, laterality, size and associated findings. RESULTS: Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) was the most common findings, found in 20 cases, being six of them associated with subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhages. The size of the lesions varied between 1.8 and 10.5 cm. The parietal lobes were more commonly affected (n=11, 50 percent), followed by the temporal (n=7, 31.8 percent), frontal (n=7, 31.8 percent) and occipital (n=2, 9.09 percent) lobes. In 15 cases (68.2 percent) there was a single area of hemorrhage and in the remaining cases there were multiple hemorrhages. Associated findings were found in 20 cases. The most prevalent were edema (n=17, 77.3 percent), hydrocephalus (10, 45.4 percent) and midline shift (n=9, 41 percent). CONCLUSION: The most frequent CT scan findings in thrombocytopenic patients with CNS hemorrhage are single IPH, located mostly in the parietal, temporal and frontal lobes, with varied sizes and associated with edema, hydrocephalus and midline shift.

OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados tomográficos de 21 pacientes trombocitopênicos com hemorragia no sistema nervoso central (SNC). MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo das tomografias computadorizadas (TC) de 21 pacientes trombocitopênicos que apresentaram hemorragia no SNC. Um dos pacientes apresentou 2 episódios hemorrágicos em épocas diferentes. Os dados clínicos foram obtidos por revisão de prontuários médicos. Dois radiologistas analisaram os exames e estabeleceram os achados por consenso. Os seguintes achados foram estudados: tipo de sangramento, número de lesões, topografia, lateralidade, tamanho e achados associados. RESULTADOS: A hemorragia intraparenquimatosa foi o achado mais comum, observada em 20 casos, sendo que em seis deles apresentavam hemorragia subaracnóidea e intraventricular associadas. O tamanho das lesões variou entre 1,8 e 10,5 cm (mediana= 4,5 cm). Os lobos parietais foram mais acometidos (n=11, 50 por cento), seguidos pelos temporais (n=7, 31,8 por cento), frontais (n=7, 31,8 por cento) e occipitais (n=2, 9,09 por cento). Em 15 casos (68,2 por cento) houve uma única área de hemorragia, e nos demais múltiplas áreas foram observadas. Em 20 casos foram encontrados achados associados, sendo mais comum edema (n=17, 77,3 por cento), hidrocefalia (n=10, 45,4 por cento) e desvio da linha média (n=9, 41 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Os achados tomográficos mais freqüentes em pacientes trombocitopênicos com hemorragia cerebral são lesões intraparenquimatosas únicas acometendo principalmente os lobos parietais, temporais e frontais, com tamanhos variados e associadas a edema, hidrocefalia e desvio da linha média.

Comparative study for the methods on measuring intracranial hemorrhage volume / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore a method of measuring intracranial hemorrhage to be applied in clinical forensic science.@*METHODS@#The accurace of the methods of Tada formula, Stereology and Software boundary to measure intracranial hemorrhage and their practicability were compared.@*RESULTS@#The measured results of Stereology and Software boundary are precise, but the irregularity haematoma volume measured by the method of Tada formula has a high error value.@*CONCLUSION@#The method of stereolgy is the best in measuring intracranial hemorrhage for clinical forensic science.

Neonatal Brain Damage Following Prolonged Latency after Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes

This study evaluated the risk of brain damage in neonates delivered at 24- 72- 1 week. Outcomes in the longer three intervals were compared with those in neonates delivered at < or = 24 hr after pPROM. The documented outcomes were placental (histologic chorioamnionitis, vasculitis, funnisitis) and neonatal (intraventricular hemorrhage, ventriculomegaly, germinal matrix hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia). Odds ratios and 95% CI for the risk of histologic chorioamnionitis according to the respective latency intervals were 4.8 (1.0-22.9), 7.0 (1.1-43.1), 7.4 (2.1-42.3) in patients with pPROM. The risks of intracranial ultrasonic abnormalities, however, did not increased with prolonged latency. In the patients with preterm labor and intact membranes, the both risks did not increased with increasing latency. Therefore, this study was suggested that the risk of histologic chorioamnionitis increased with increasing latency, but there was no relationship between neonatal brain damage and latency interval after pPROM.

Injúria hipóxico-isquêmica de padräo hemorrágico em encéfalos de neomortos do Hospital de Clínicas de Curitiba: análise de 1028 casos de necrópsia entre 1960 e 1995 / Brain hypoxic-injury of haemorrhagic pattern in newborns: analysis of 1028 autopsies from 1960 to 1995

A injúria hipóxico-isquêmica do sistema nervoso central em neomortos é entidade altamente prevalente, acometendo de 1 a 6 para cada 1000 nascidos vivos. Quando severa provoca o óbito de muitas crianças ou deixa sequelas neurológicas importantes. Relatamos 1028 casos consecutivos de injúria hipóxico-isquêmica de padrão hemorrágico em encéfalos de neomortos do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná - Curitiba, no período compreendido entre 1960 e 1995. Pode-se demonstrar que a prevalência destas lesões nos encéfalos de recém-nascidos autopsiados é alta (49,73 por cento). Os principais tipos de hemorragia encontrados foram as micro-hemorragias intraparenquimatosas cerebrais, as hemorragias intraventriculares, as hemorragias periventriculares e as hemorragias subaracnóideas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a propensão dos prematuros ao desenvolvimento de hemorragias encefálicas, indicando a necessidade de medidas preventivas que diminuam o risco de complicações neurológicas.

Explosäo lobar em vítimas fatais de acidente de trânsito / Burst lobe in victims of fatal road traffic accident: frequency and association with other head injury

Realizou-se análise morfológica, macro e microscópica, das lesões encefálicas de 120 vítimas fatais de acidente de trânsito. A explosão lobar foi observada em 12 pacientes (10,0 por cento). O lobo acometido foi o frontal em seis pacientes (50,0 por cento), o temporal em dois (16,7 por cento) e ambos em quatro (33,3 por cento). A fratura de crânio ocorreu em 8 (66,7 por cento) pacientes e a hipertensão intracraniana em metade dos casos de explosão lobar estavam associados a lesão axonal difusa, associação essa que explica a alteração grave de consciência observada à admissão dos pacientes.